1. Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom

                    Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom are the products of the mind. The Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom are evaluated in an ascending scale of values, Data having the least value, Wisdom the greatest.

                    The DIKW model or DIKW pyramid is an often used method, with roots in knowledge management, to explain the ways we move from data (the ‘D’) to information (I), knowledge (K) and wisdom (W) with a component of actions and decisions.

   Data:-                                                                                                 

                    The word “data” is Latin in origin and literally, it means anything that is given. In sum, the term includes facts, figures, letters, symbols, words, charts and graphs that represent an idea, object or condition. 

• According to Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary, Data are “Known facts or things used as a basis for interference or reckoning.” 

• UNESCO defines data as “facts, concepts or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by human or automatic means”. 

     

               In simple, Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures that are usually in the form of numbers, text, or symbols. It is derived by observation and experiences. By nature, data are either quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative data are numerical and qualitative data are descriptive. Data is the most basic form of information, and it lacks any meaning or context on its own. It's only when data is analyzed, organized, and structured that it becomes meaningful and useful.

The following are the properties of data: 

(i) Amenability to Use. Data must be amenable to use. The use may differ with the context. 

(ii) Clarity. Data should necessarily display clarity. 

(iii) Accuracy. Accuracy is an essential property of data. 

(iv) Essence. Data should be compressed and refined. Only the refined data can present the essence of value.

Examples of data include numbers in spreadsheets, sensor readings from machines, and keystrokes captured by a computer.

   Information:-                                                                                                 

Information is data that has been processed, organized, structured, and contextualized to provide meaning and relevance. It's the output of data analysis that enables people to make informed decisions.

Information can take many forms, such as reports, charts, graphs, and dashboards. Examples of information include financial statements, weather reports, and news articles.

   Knowledge:-                                                                                                 

Knowledge is the application of information to solve problems, make decisions, and create new insights. It involves a deeper understanding of the underlying principles and concepts that govern a particular domain.

Knowledge is not just about having information but also about the ability to apply that information effectively. It requires critical thinking, analysis, and creativity.

Examples of knowledge include the expertise of a doctor diagnosing a patient, a scientist formulating a hypothesis, or a lawyer applying a legal principle to a case.

   Wisdom:-                                                                                                 

Wisdom is the highest level of understanding that goes beyond knowledge and involves insight, intuition, and sound judgment. It's the ability to see the bigger picture and to make decisions that align with one's values and goals.

Wisdom is often associated with experience and learning from one's mistakes. It involves a deep understanding of oneself, others, and the world.

Examples of wisdom include a leader making a difficult decision, a mentor providing guidance to a mentee, or a philosopher offering insights into the human condition.

In summary, data is the raw material, information is the processed data, knowledge is the application of information, and wisdom is the highest level of understanding that goes beyond knowledge.